How to Care for Cats with Bordetella Bronchiseptica

What Is Bordetella Bronchiseptica?

Bordetella bronchiseptica is a bacteria that primarily affects the respiratory system of animals. It is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with kennel cough in dogs. In cats, it can cause respiratory illness and other complications.

This bacteria is different from other feline respiratory infections. While viruses like feline herpesvirus and calicivirus are common, Bordetella is bacterial in nature. It requires specific treatment and can sometimes lead to more severe infections.

Transmission: How Cats Get Infected

Bordetella bronchiseptica is highly contagious and spreads primarily through direct contact between cats. This can occur when one cat grooms another or when they share food and water bowls. Even brief moments of contact, such as sniffing one another's face or paws, can facilitate the transfer of bacteria from one cat to another.

In addition to direct contact, airborne transmission is a significant route for the spread of Bordetella. Infected cats expel respiratory droplets containing the bacteria when they sneeze, cough, or even breathe heavily. These droplets can linger in the air, especially in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces, where they may be inhaled by other cats nearby.

High-density environments increase the risk of infection significantly. Shelters, boarding facilities, and veterinary clinics, where multiple cats are housed in close proximity, are common places for Bordetella outbreaks. In these environments, cats are often in close quarters with one another, making it easy for the bacteria to spread quickly through direct contact or through shared surfaces.

Stress is another contributing factor that increases the likelihood of infection. Cats that are stressed, whether from being in a new environment or from overcrowding, are more likely to become ill. Stress weakens the immune system, making it harder for cats to fight off infections, including Bordetella bronchiseptica.

Poor hygiene and lack of proper quarantine protocols in high-risk environments further exacerbate the spread of the bacteria. If sick cats are not isolated from healthy ones, the infection can spread rapidly throughout a facility. When multiple cats are housed together and not monitored closely, Bordetella can quickly move through the population, infecting many cats in a short time.

In multi-cat households or environments where cats are constantly being introduced or reintroduced, Bordetella outbreaks are more likely to occur. Careful management, cleaning protocols, and isolation of infected cats are essential to prevent widespread transmission. Without these measures, the infection can escalate, making control much more difficult (Yates et al., 2020).

Recognizing Bordetella in Your Cat

Recognizing Bordetella bronchiseptica in your cat early is crucial for effective treatment. The initial signs of infection are often similar to other respiratory illnesses. Cats may develop a mild cough or start sneezing more than usual.

As the infection progresses, you might notice additional symptoms. Nasal discharge is common, often clear or slightly cloudy in color. Cats may also experience watery eyes, indicating irritation in the upper respiratory tract.

Loss of appetite and lethargy are also frequent indicators. Cats with Bordetella may show a decreased interest in food and water. This can lead to dehydration if not addressed promptly.

In some cases, cats may develop a fever, which can further weaken their immune system. Fever in combination with other symptoms may signal a more severe infection. Cats with Bordetella may also exhibit labored breathing or increased respiratory rate.

While many cats experience mild symptoms, some may develop severe conditions. This includes difficulty breathing or even pneumonia in extreme cases. Secondary bacterial infections can also complicate the illness, making treatment more challenging.

Rarely, Bordetella infections in cats can lead to chronic respiratory issues. These long-term problems may persist even after the acute phase of the infection has passed. In severe cases, cats may suffer lasting damage to the lungs or airways (Gaskell et al., 2021).

The Bacteria's Behavior Inside Your Cat's Body

Once Bordetella bronchiseptica enters a cat's respiratory system, it begins by attaching to the cells in the nasal passages and throat. The bacteria adhere to the cilia (tiny hair-like structures) that line the respiratory tract. By attaching to these cells, the bacteria avoid being expelled by the cat's natural defense mechanisms.

After the bacteria adhere to the cells, they begin to multiply and spread through the upper respiratory tract. This causes inflammation in the nasal passages, throat, and sinuses. The inflammation leads to increased mucus production, which can result in nasal discharge and coughing.

As the infection progresses, the bacteria can move deeper into the lungs. In some cases, Bordetella can cause severe pneumonia, especially if the infection is left untreated. This can cause difficulty breathing, increased respiratory effort, and a higher risk of secondary infections.

The immune system responds by trying to fight off the bacteria. Initially, the body's innate immune response kicks in, activating white blood cells to attack the bacteria. However, Bordetella can evade some of the immune system's defenses, allowing the infection to persist longer.

The immune system's adaptive response involves the production of antibodies specific to Bordetella. This helps the body recognize and fight the bacteria more efficiently over time. However, if the infection is severe or the immune system is compromised, the bacteria may overwhelm the body, leading to more serious complications (Lappin, 2021).

In severe cases, Bordetella bronchiseptica can cause lasting damage to the respiratory system. Chronic inflammation may result in scarring of the airways, which can affect a cat's breathing. These long-term effects can make cats more susceptible to future respiratory infections (Hartmann & Jansen, 2020).

Diagnosing the Infection: Tests & Tools

Diagnosing Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats requires a thorough veterinary evaluation. The most common method of diagnosis is through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. PCR identifies the DNA of Bordetella, confirming its presence in the respiratory system.

Bacterial cultures are another diagnostic tool used to confirm the infection. These cultures can take several days to grow, but they provide definitive proof of the bacteria's presence. Veterinarians may also use serology to detect antibodies produced in response to the infection.

The diagnosis can be challenging because Bordetella infections often share symptoms with other respiratory diseases. Feline herpesvirus and calicivirus can cause similar signs, such as coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. Because of this, a combination of tests may be required to differentiate between Bordetella and other conditions (Gaskell et al., 2021).

Some cats may also carry Bordetella without showing symptoms, complicating the diagnosis further. A negative result on one test does not always rule out the infection. In these cases, vets may repeat tests or use additional methods to ensure an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment Strategies: What Works?

Treating Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity of the infection and the cat's overall health. Common antibiotics used for Bordetella infections include doxycycline and enrofloxacin, which target the bacteria effectively (Roth et al., 2020).

• Antibiotics: Doxycycline is one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics for Bordetella bronchiseptica. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, preventing the bacteria from multiplying. Enrofloxacin is another option, especially for more severe cases. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against various bacteria, including Bordetella.
• Antibiotic Resistance: Some strains of Bordetella may develop resistance to certain antibiotics. In these cases, veterinarians may need to adjust the treatment plan or use a combination of drugs to combat the infection. If the infection does not respond to initial antibiotic treatment, further testing may be needed to determine the best course of action.

While antibiotics address the bacterial infection, supportive care plays a vital role in a cat's recovery. Cats with Bordetella bronchiseptica may become dehydrated, especially if they have a reduced appetite or are running a fever. Ensuring the cat stays hydrated through fluids, either orally or via IV, is critical.

• Hydration: Dehydration is a significant concern in cats with Bordetella. Providing fluids helps maintain their body functions and aids in their recovery. In more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be required for quicker recovery.
• Nutrition: Malnutrition can further compromise a cat's immune system, making it harder to fight off the infection. Cats with Bordetella may be reluctant to eat due to symptoms like a sore throat, loss of appetite, or nasal discharge. Offering high-calorie, easily digestible food and encouraging them to eat small amounts frequently is important. In some cases, a feeding tube may be necessary to ensure proper nutrition.
• Rest and Environment: Cats with respiratory infections need a quiet, comfortable environment to help them rest. Stress can worsen symptoms and delay recovery. Keeping the cat in a calm, warm, and well-ventilated area will help the immune system fight the infection more effectively.

Hospitalization may be required for cats with severe Bordetella infections. This is typically recommended if the cat has difficulty breathing, is unable to eat or drink, or has a high fever that does not respond to medication. In these cases, the cat will need more intensive care, including continuous monitoring and potentially additional treatments.

• Severe Cases: Cats with severe pneumonia or other respiratory complications may require oxygen therapy. This helps ensure that the cat receives enough oxygen to support its vital organs. Hospitalized cats will also receive IV fluids, antibiotics, and other necessary medications under the supervision of veterinary staff.
• Monitoring: Hospitalization also allows for continuous monitoring of the cat's vital signs, such as temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. If the cat's condition worsens, immediate intervention can be provided.

While many cats with Bordetella can recover at home with proper care, hospitalization is necessary if there are signs of severe distress or complications (Gaskell et al., 2021; Roth et al., 2020).

Preventing Bordetella: Keeping Your Cat Safe

Preventing Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats focuses on reducing exposure and boosting immunity. Vaccination is one of the most effective methods to protect your cat from infection. However, the decision to vaccinate should be made carefully, taking into account the cat's health and lifestyle.

• Vaccination Options: Bordetella vaccines are available in both injectable and intranasal forms. The intranasal vaccine is often preferred for its rapid immune response and ease of administration. However, it may not be as long-lasting as the injectable form. The injectable vaccine, while effective, may require multiple doses to achieve full protection (Fournier et al., 2021).
• Pros and Cons of Vaccination: Vaccines provide a high level of protection against Bordetella, especially for cats in high-risk environments. However, no vaccine is 100% effective, and vaccination does not guarantee complete immunity. Additionally, some cats may experience mild side effects, such as fever or a runny nose, after vaccination. Despite these drawbacks, vaccination is still a valuable preventive tool.

Aside from vaccination, minimizing your cat's exposure to Bordetella is crucial. Cats living in multi-cat households, shelters, or boarding facilities are at higher risk for contracting the bacteria. Implementing practical steps to reduce exposure can significantly lower the chances of infection.

• Reducing Exposure: Keeping your cat indoors is the most effective way to prevent Bordetella infection. Limiting contact with infected animals is essential. If your cat must interact with other cats, consider isolating them from high-risk environments like shelters or boarding facilities.
• High-Risk Environments: If you run a shelter or veterinary clinic, it is important to isolate sick cats from healthy ones. Quarantining new arrivals for at least two weeks helps prevent the spread of Bordetella and other infections. Ensuring that cats are not overcrowded will also reduce stress, which can make them more susceptible to illness.

Proper hygiene is another key factor in preventing Bordetella infections. The bacteria can survive on surfaces for hours, making it essential to maintain cleanliness in areas where cats live and interact. Regular cleaning, particularly in shelters and multi-cat households, reduces the risk of contamination.

• Cleanliness and Hygiene: Disinfecting surfaces such as food and water bowls, bedding, and toys can help eliminate the bacteria. Using cleaning products that are effective against Bordetella and other respiratory pathogens is essential. Pay special attention to areas where cats sneeze or cough, as droplets can easily spread.
• Isolation: Isolating infected cats from healthy cats is critical to prevent outbreaks. Infected cats should be kept in a separate room with their own food and water. If possible, limit the movement of staff and visitors between infected and non-infected areas to prevent cross-contamination.

By following these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce the risk of Bordetella infection in your cat. Vaccination, minimizing exposure, and maintaining a clean environment all contribute to a safer, healthier living space for your cat (Gaskell et al., 2021; Fournier et al., 2021; Roth et al., 2020).

Long-Term Effects and Risks After Infection

Bordetella bronchiseptica can lead to chronic respiratory issues, even after the infection resolves. Some cats may experience lingering symptoms that persist for months or even years. Here are the potential long-term effects and risks:

1. Chronic Respiratory Issues: Cats that have had severe or untreated Bordetella infections may suffer from ongoing respiratory problems. Coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge may continue long after the infection has been treated. In more severe cases, scarring in the lungs or airways can cause long-term breathing difficulties.
2. Impact on Young Kittens: Kittens have weaker immune systems, which makes them more susceptible to long-term effects. They may experience a prolonged recovery period or develop chronic respiratory conditions if the infection is severe. Additionally, Bordetella infections in kittens may cause developmental delays in their respiratory system.
3. Impact on Older Cats: Older cats, especially those with pre-existing health issues, face a higher risk of complications. Their immune systems are less efficient at fighting infections, which can result in slower recovery and more severe symptoms. Chronic issues, such as persistent coughing or wheezing, are also more common in senior cats.
4. Managing Lingering Symptoms: If your cat suffers from ongoing respiratory symptoms, they may require long-term management. This includes medications to reduce inflammation or treat secondary infections. Supportive care, such as using humidifiers and providing proper nutrition, can help alleviate symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Continued monitoring and veterinary care are essential to address any long-term complications. Cats with chronic symptoms should have regular check-ups to adjust treatments as needed (Gaskell et al., 2021).

Bordetella vs. Other Respiratory Conditions

Bordetella bronchiseptica is just one of many respiratory pathogens that can affect cats. Feline herpesvirus and calicivirus are the most common viral respiratory infections in cats. While Bordetella is bacterial, both types of infections share similar symptoms, such as sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge.

• Comparing Bordetella with Feline Herpesvirus: Feline herpesvirus causes more chronic and recurring symptoms. It can lead to lifelong respiratory issues, particularly during times of stress. Unlike Bordetella, herpesvirus infections are typically treated with antivirals and do not always require antibiotics unless there is a secondary bacterial infection (Stiles et al., 2020).
• Comparing Bordetella with Calicivirus: Calicivirus can cause similar symptoms but often includes painful oral ulcers. It is more likely to cause systemic illness, such as lameness or fever. Bordetella, in contrast, primarily affects the respiratory tract and rarely leads to systemic issues (Gaynor et al., 2020).

Bordetella infections also differ in terms of treatment and prognosis. Unlike viral infections, bacterial infections can be treated effectively with antibiotics. However, Bordetella may require specific antibiotic therapy, such as doxycycline or enrofloxacin, to be fully eradicated.

• Unique Aspects of Bordetella Treatment: Bordetella often requires targeted antibiotics that may not be effective against viral pathogens. Additionally, if not treated properly, Bordetella infections can cause long-term damage to the lungs and airways. In contrast, most viral respiratory infections are managed through supportive care, and antibiotics are only needed for secondary bacterial infections.
• Prognosis: The prognosis for Bordetella infections is generally good with proper treatment. However, if left untreated, it can lead to severe respiratory distress or pneumonia, particularly in young, old, or immunocompromised cats. The prognosis for viral infections can vary widely, especially for herpesvirus, which may cause lifelong problems (Stiles et al., 2020).

Caring for an Infected Cat: Dos and Don'ts

Caring for a cat with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection involves both at-home care and knowing when to seek professional help. Here are some important dos and don'ts to ensure your cat's recovery:

Dos:

• Provide plenty of fluids: Keeping your cat hydrated is crucial, especially if they have a fever or loss of appetite. Offer fresh water frequently and consider using a pet water fountain to encourage drinking.
• Keep the environment quiet and comfortable: Stress can worsen symptoms. Provide a warm, calm space for your cat to rest without disruptions.
• Use a humidifier: Moist air can help soothe irritated nasal passages and make breathing easier. Place a humidifier in the room where your cat rests.
• Offer easy-to-eat, nutritious food: Soft, high-calorie foods may help encourage eating. Warming the food can make it more appealing to your cat.
• Administer prescribed medications as directed: Follow your vet's instructions for antibiotics and any other treatments. Never stop the medication early, even if your cat seems better.

Don'ts:

• Avoid forcing your cat to eat or drink: If your cat refuses food or water, do not force it. This can cause stress and worsen their condition.
• Do not expose your cat to other animals: Keep your infected cat away from other pets to prevent the spread of Bordetella. Isolation is key.
• Do not use over-the-counter human medications: Never give your cat any human medication, including cold or flu treatments. These can be harmful or even fatal.

Red Flags for Urgent Professional Care:

• Difficulty breathing or labored breathing: If your cat is struggling to breathe or has shallow breaths, immediate veterinary attention is necessary.
• Severe lethargy or collapse: If your cat becomes excessively lethargic or unresponsive, it may be a sign of a serious complication.
• Persistent fever: A high fever that doesn't respond to medication warrants a visit to the vet.
• Loss of appetite lasting more than 24 hours: If your cat hasn't eaten for more than a day, dehydration can set in, requiring urgent care.

How to Protect Other Cats in Your Household:

• Isolate the infected cat: Keep the infected cat in a separate room with its own litter box, food, and water. Limit contact with other pets.
• Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly after handling the infected cat. Clean and disinfect surfaces frequently.
• Consider vaccinating other cats: If Bordetella is a risk in your area, vaccination can help protect your other cats from getting infected.
• Monitor other cats closely: Keep an eye on the health of other pets. If they start showing symptoms, consult your vet immediately.

By following these guidelines, you can help your cat recover while protecting other pets in your home.

Keeping Your Cat Healthy and Safe

Bordetella bronchiseptica can be a serious respiratory infection, but with proper care and attention, most cats recover without lasting issues. Early detection, appropriate treatment, and supportive care are key to ensuring a smooth recovery. Maintaining a clean and stress-free environment, along with following your vet's advice, will help your cat feel better faster.

Vaccination remains one of the most effective ways to prevent Bordetella, especially in high-risk environments. However, if your cat does become infected, quick intervention and careful monitoring can reduce the risk of complications. By understanding the symptoms, treatment options, and preventive measures, you can protect your cat and ensure they stay healthy and happy for years to come.

References

• Fournier, M., Cadoré, J. L., & Maillard, K. (2021). Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccination in cats: Effectiveness and safety considerations. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(3), 1054-1061. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16075
• Gaynor, M., VandeWoude, S., & Stiles, J. (2020). Feline calicivirus and its impact on respiratory disease in cats. Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 12(6), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsm.2020.07.002
• Gaskell, R. M., Dawson, S., & Radford, A. D. (2021). Feline respiratory diseases: Pathogenesis, clinical signs, and treatment. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(5), 2180-2194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16179
• Hartmann, K., & Jansen, M. (2020). Respiratory infections in cats: A focus on Bordetella bronchiseptica. Veterinary Journal, 257, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.104429
• Lappin, M. R. (2021). Feline respiratory disease and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 51(6), 1073-1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.07.002
• Roth, J. A., Cox, J. A., & McGill, L. D. (2020). Treatment of Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats: Best practices and new considerations. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(7), 629-635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2020.03.011
• Stiles, J., Dawson, S., & Binns, C. (2020). Managing feline herpesvirus infections: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(11), 1210-1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2020.09.001
• Yates, R. A., Hensel, M. E., & Ramer, R. (2020). Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats: Epidemiology and control. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(8), 567-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2020.03.012